THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE Volume VIII: English THE AGE OF DRYDEN Edited by A. W. Ward & A. R. Waller CONTENTS     Prefatory Note     Table of Principal Dates    Chapter I. Dryden    By A. W. WARD, Litt.D., P.B.A., Master of Peterhouse Dryden and his Age His Parentage and Education Heroick Stanzas on Cromwell Astraea Redux and other Panegyrics Annus Mirabilis Dryden’s Productivity as a Dramatist Influence of French Tragicomedy and Romance The Wild Gallant and other Comedies: The Spanish Fryar The Heroic Couplet in Drama Dryden and the Heroic Play: The Conquest of Granada The Satire of The Rehearsal Essay Of Heroick Plays Aureng-Zebe Dryden’s Adaptation of Shakespearean Plays and Themes The Grounds of Criticism in Tragedy His Later Plays: Don Sebastian and Cleomenes Dryden’s Work as a Dramatist Prologues and Epilogues Dryden Poet Laureate The “Rose-alley ambuscade” Political Satire: Absalom and Achitophel, Part I The Medal Mac Flecknoe Absalom and Achitophel, Part II Didactic Poetry: Religio Laici Death of Charles II and Accession of James II: Threnodia Augustalis and Britannia Rediviva Conversion to the Church of Rome The Hind and the Panther Various Later Work in Verse and Prose: Miscellanies Translations: Fables Ancient and Modern Preface to the Fables Odes, Songs and Hymns Dryden’s Enemies and Younger Literary Friends His Great Qualities as a Writer of Verse and Prose His Excellence in Various Literary Species His Originality that of Treatment The Eminence of his Genius BIBLIOGRAPHY    II. Samuel Butler    By WILLIAM FRANCIS SMITH, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College Ancient and Modern Satire Influence of Le Roman de la Rose, The Ship of Fools, Erasmus and Rabelais Butler’s Life before and after the Restoration Butler in the Employ of Sir Samuel Luke and the Earl of Carbery Penury of his Later Days His Learning in Letters and Law Imitations of his Prose and Verse: The Posthumous Works Contents of The Genuine Remains: Characters Hudibras and its Models Course of Part I Course of Part II Difference of Treatment in Part III The Methods in the Composition of the Work Metre of Hudibras Main Purpose of the Satire Butler’s Gifts and Powers BIBLIOGRAPHY    III. Political and Ecclesiastical Satire    By C. W. PREVITÉ-ORTON, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College Causes of the New Development of Satirical Literature on Political Subjects in the Period following the Restoration Denham and Marvell The Popish Plot Panic: Oldham His Satyrs Upon the Jesuits His Powers and Influence as a Satirist Lesser Satires of this and the Following Period: Poems on Affairs of State Advices to a Painter The Ghost and Last Will Motives Dialogues Ballads Litanies D’Urfey Lilliburlero Prose Satires: The Rehearsal Transpros’d Satirical Narratives and Dialogues Low Literary Quality of these Satires as a Whole BIBLIOGRAPHY    IV. The Early Quakers    By EDWARD GRUBB, M.A. George Fox and the Rise of the Quaker Movement in England The Purpose of Early Quaker Writings not Literary George Fox’s Journal Thomas Ellwood’s History of his Life Other Quaker Journals and Memoirs William Penn, and his No Cross No Crown Isaac and Mary Penington James Nayler Early Attacks upon the Quakers, and their Replies Samuel Fisher Barclay’s Apology More purely Literary Efforts: Penn’s Some Fruits of Solitude Ellwood’s Collection of Poems on Various Subjects Mary Mollineux’s Fruits of Retirement BIBLIOGRAPHY    V. The Restoration Drama, I    By Professor FELIX E. SCHELLING, University of Pennsylvania Players and Plays after the Closing of the Theatres Drolls Relaxation of the Laws against Dramatic Entertainments towards the Close of Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate; Sir William D’Avenant’s Entertainments: The Siege of Rhodes Dramatic Companies Formed immediately before the Restoration The King’s and the Duke of York’s Companies “Created” after it Thomas Killigrew’s and Sir William D’Avenant’s Later Plays Old Masterpieces Revived Comedies reflecting the Political Reaction: The Rump and Cutter of Coleman Street Tatham John Wilson Stapylton The Duke of Newcastle Early Spanish Influences in English Drama Spanish Personages in English Plays The Indebtedness of Beaumont and Fletcher, and of other Dramatists, before and after the Restoration, to Spanish Novels, and to Spanish Plays, Examined and Summarised Influence of French Literature on the Restoration Drama Molière and Restoration Comedy Influence of French Opera Etherege and his Place in the History of Restoration Drama Sir Charles Sedley Lacy Aphra Behn Wycherley The Plain Dealer BIBLIOGRAPHY    VI. The Restoration Drama, II. CONGREVE, VANBRUGH, FARQUHAR, ETC.    By CHARLES WHIBLEY, Jesus College Congreve The Old Bachelor The Double-Dealer Love for Love The Mourning Bride The Way of the World Congreve and the Comedy of Manners His Comic Art His Diction His Friends and Way of Life Vanbrugh’s Life and Character The Relapse The Provok’d Wife The Confederacy Vanbrugh and Perrault Earlier Attacks in this Period on the Stage: Rymer’s Short View of Tragedy Jeremy Collier’s Short View Its Invective and its Fallacies Replies to Collier by Vanbrugh, Farquhar, Dryden, D’Urfey and Dennis Farquhar as a Comic Dramatist Love and a Bottle; The Constant Couple; The Recruiting Officer; the Beaux’ Stratagem Shadwell D’Urfey Colley Cibber’s Earlier Plays His Apology for his Life BIBLIOGRAPHY    VII. The Restoration Drama, III. TRAGIC POETS    By A. T. BARTHOLOMEW, M. A., Peterhouse, and of the University Library Characteristics of Lesser Restoration Tragedy Public Interest in Acting The Operatic Element The Heroic Play French Influence on Restoration Tragedy Translations of Corneille Influence of Racine Revived Influence of Earlier English Work Otway and his Career as a Dramatist The Orphan and Venice Preserv’d Their Enduring Popularity Nathaniel Lee Characteristics of his Plays The Rival Queens Crowne Sir Courtly Nice His Tragedies Southerne The Fatal Marriage and Oroonoko Settle Dennis Banks Hughes Lansdowne Ravenscroft Nicholas Rowe as a Link between the Later Restoration Drama and that of the Augustan Age The Fair Penitent BIBLIOGRAPHY    VIII. The Court Poets    By CHARLES WHIBLEY The Lives and Writings of the Court Poets as a Protest against the Puritan Domination The Circle of Whitehall The Pranks of the Wits The Court Poets as Men of Action: Rochester, Buckhurst and Mulgrave The Mark of the Amateur on their Writings Dryden’s Flattery of them Rochester’s Life and Character His Quarrel with Mulgrave and Dryden Rochester as a Satirist: The Satire against Mankind Sir Charles Sedley His Songs Buckhurst: To all you Ladies now at Land Mulgrave’s Essay upon Poetry Roscommon’s Essay on Translated Verse BIBLIOGRAPHY    IX. The Prosody of the Seventeenth Century    By GEORGE SAINTSBURY, M.A., F.B.A., LL.D., D.Litt., Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh The Spenserian Era of English Versification Loss of Elasticity and Diversity Variations of the Iambic Line Insufficient Understanding as to Equivalence in Feet Decline of Blank Verse; the Redundant Syllable and other Means of Varying the Measure “The Battle of the Couplets”: Waller and Cowley Miscellaneous Metric: Jonson and Others Milton’s Metrical Development The Anapaest as the Chief Base-foot of Metre The Octosyllabic Couplet The “Pindaric” of Cowley and his Followers Dryden and the Heroic Couplet Perceptive Prosody: Jonson and Dryden BIBLIOGRAPHY    X. Memoir and Letter Writers    By HENRY B. WHEATLEY, F.S.A. EVELYN AND PEPYS Diaries of Evelyn and Pepys Published as Written Narcissus Luttrell’s Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs Evelyn’s and Pepys’s Diaries Compared Evelyn’s Father, Younger Days, Travels and Marriage His Later Life and Activities Evelyn and the Royal Society His Love of Planting: Sylva His Public Services His Life of Mrs. Godolphin Pepys’s Early Life and Marriage Pepys on the Naseby His Service in the Navy Office His Blindness and the Closing of the Diary Pepys and the Popish Plot His Later Years Character and Charm of the Diary OTHER WRITERS OF MEMOIRS AND LETTERS Anthony Hamilton’s Mémoires de la Vie du Comte de Gramont Question of the trustworthiness of these Memoirs The writer and his work Memoirs of Sir John Reresby By A. W. WARD, Litt.D. Letters and Memoirs of Sir Richard Bulstrode Diary of Henry Sidney (Earl of Romney) Diary of Lady Warwick Her Occasional Meditations Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe Letters of Rachel Lady Russell Memoirs of Queen Mary II BIBLIOGRAPHY    XI. Platonists and Latitudinarians    By J. BASS MULLINGER, M.A., formerly librarian of St. John’s College Distinction between the Cambridge Platonists and the Latitudinarians Benjamin Whichcote His Position as Defined by Himself His Aphorisms and Sermons Whichcote not a Platonist Henry More His Life and Habits Cudworth and his Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality More’s Song of the Soul Joseph Beaumont’s Psyche More’s Immortality of the Soul, Grand Mystery of Godliness and Mystery of Iniquity His Divine Dialogues Cudworth’s True Intellectual Systems of the Universe; More and Cudworth Compared John Smith’s Select Discourses John Smith and Henry More Contrasted Culverwel’s Light of Nature George Rust (Bishop of Dromore) Glanvill’s Lux Orientalis His Controversy with Henry Stubbs Richard Cumberland (Bishop of Peterborough) and other Contributors to the Latitudinarian Movement BIBLIOGRAPHY    XII. Divines of the Church of England 1660–1700    By the Ven. W. H. HUTTON, B.D., Archdeacon of Northampton, Canon of Peterborough and Fellow of St. John’s College, Oxford Old and New Influences on the Style of the English Pulpit in the Period Following the Restoration Gradual Transition Herbert Thorndike, John Cosin and George Morley Isaac Barrow: his Sermons and his Treatise On the Pope’s Supremacy Pearson’s Exposition of the Creed John Wilkins as a Link with the Later Generation Robert Leighton and his Preaching Burnet as a Theologian His Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles and Pastoral Care Stillingfleet and Patrick Fashionable Preachers of the Age Extempore Preaching begins to be Popular Tillotson South and the Controversial Style Sherlock Samuel Parker’s Discourse of Ecclesiastical Polity Henry Compton’s Episcopalia George Bull Sancroft’s Fur Praedestinatus Henry Wharton Non-jurors: Ken, Kettlewell, Dodwell and Hickes Robert Nelson’s Companion for the Festivals and Fasts Influence of Foreign, and especially of French, Culture upon English Divines BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIII. Legal Literature    By F. J. C. HEARNSHAW, M.A., LL.D., formerly scholar of Peterhouse, Professor of Modern History in Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, University of Durham The Beginnings of English Legal Literature The Laws of Ethelbert of Kent and other Early Kings The Era of the Capitularies Complications Introduced by the Norman Conquest English Common Law in the Twelfth Century New Type of Legal Writings: Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus R. Angliae, called by the Name of Ranulf de Glanvil Bracton’s Treatise Bearing the Same Title Fleta and Britton The Year Books and their Value Fortescue’s De Laudibus Legum Angliae and Littleton’s Tenures Early Printed Law Books Law Reports Equity and Common Law: Bacon and Cowell; Coke Selden and his Legal Works English as the Language of the Law Sir Matthew Hale Revival of the Common Law, and of the Use of Latin and French Sir William Dugdale and William Prynne Hobbes and the Advent of a New Era SELDEN’S Table-Talk By A. W. WARD, Litt.D. Predecessors of Selden’s Table-Talk Authenticity of the Book Scanty References to Personal Experiences Chief Political and Religious Topics Selden’s Wit and Wisdom BIBLIOGRAPHY    XIV. John Locke    By W. R. SORLEY, Litt.D., F.B.A., Fellow of King’s College, Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy Locke the Most Important Figure in English Philosophy His Personal and Literary Life Controversy with Stillingfleet The “New Way of Ideas” Opened by Locke Plan of An Essay concerning Human Understanding Locke’s Doctrine of Knowledge Its Nature and Extent “The Twilight of Probability.” Two Treatises of Government Economic Writings Economists Contemporary with Locke: Sir William Petty Letters concerning Toleration Earlier Pleas Locke’s Views on Church and State Thoughts concerning Education; Locke’s Theory His Critics and Followers Richard Burthogge John Norris and his Ideal World BIBLIOGRAPHY    XV. The Progress of Science    By A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D., F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College Lateness of the Scientific Reawakening Outburst of Scientific Enquiry in the Seventeenth Century and its Causes The Heritage of Bacon Milton and Scientific Enquiry Lord Herbert of Cherbury His Knowledge of Medicine and Allied Subjects Evelyn and Pepys Witches, Astrologers and Alchemists Intelligence of the Stewarts in Matters Scientific: Charles II and Prince Rupert The Marquis of Worcester Sir Kenelm Digby Mathematics: John Wallis and Seth Ward; Newton Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood Other Great Physiologists and Physicians: Sir Theodore de Mayerne; John Mayow; Thomas Sydenham; Francis Glisson Robert Boyle Origin and Beginnings of the Royal Society Contemporary Poets and Scientific Research: Cowley, Donne, Butler Political Economists of the Seventeenth Century: Sir William Petty and Locke BIBLIOGRAPHY    XVI. The Essay and the Beginning of Modern English Prose    By A. A. TILLEY, M.A., Fellow of King’s College The New Prose and its Causes Interest in Science and Demand for Clearness of Style Growing Plainness and Simplicity of Pulpit Oratory The Style of Dryden and its Conversational Character Early Beginnings of French Influence on English Literature; its Increase under Charles I; English Exiles in France: D’Avenant, Cowley and Others French Influence through Translations; Heroic Romances Urquhart’s Rabelais; Pascal; Descartes; Corneille, Racine and Molière Boileau Influence of French Criticism: Chapelain, Le Bossu and Dacier Evidence of Dryden, Rapin and Rymer Saint-Evremond and the Renewal of the Popularity of Montaigne in England Francis Osborne Cowley’s Essays Sir William Temple, Dorothy Osborne and Lady Giffard Temple’s Letters and Memoirs His Miscellaneous Works: Essays Influence of Montaigne Halifax’s Miscellanies: The Character of a Trimmer; A Letter to a Dissenter Clarendon’s Essays Dryden’s Influence on English Style; the Preface to the Fables BIBLIOGRAPHY